In the field of cancer research, one crucial aspect that has garnered significant attention is the role of genetics in increasing cancer risk. While lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet and exercise are well-known contributors to cancer development, understanding how our genetic makeup influences susceptibility to the disease is equally important. As the best medical oncologist doctor in Kolkata, Dr. Joydeep Ghosh sheds light on this complex yet essential topic.
What are Genes?
Genes are segments of DNA that carry instructions for the development, functioning and growth of our cells. They are fundamental in determining various traits and characteristics, including susceptibility to diseases like cancer.
Genetic Mutations and Cancer
Genetic mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence that can disrupt average cell growth and division. Some mutations can be inherited from parents, while others occur spontaneously during a person’s lifetime. Specific mutations can increase the risk of developing cancer by interfering with the body’s ability to regulate cell growth and repair DNA damage.
Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
Hereditary cancer syndromes are genetic conditions caused by inherited mutations that significantly increase the risk of developing specific types of cancer. Examples include:
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations: These mutations increase the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancers.
- Lynch Syndrome: This syndrome predisposes individuals to colorectal, uterine, ovarian and other cancers.
- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP): FAP is characterised by the development of numerous polyps in the colon and rectum, leading to a high risk of colorectal cancer.
Genetic Testing
Genetic testing can identify inherited mutations associated with hereditary cancer syndromes. It involves analysing a person’s DNA to detect specific mutations that may increase cancer risk. Genetic counselling is often recommended before and after testing to help individuals understand the implications of their results and make informed decisions about their healthcare.
Non-Hereditary Genetic Factors
In addition to inherited mutations, non-hereditary genetic factors can also influence cancer risk. These include:
- Somatic Mutations: Mutations occur spontaneously in cells during a person’s lifetime, often due to exposure to carcinogens or other environmental factors.
- Gene Expression Changes: Abnormalities in gene expression patterns can affect cell behaviour and contribute to cancer development.
- Epigenetic Alterations: Changes to the chemical tags on DNA that can regulate gene activity without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These alterations can influence cancer susceptibility and progression.
Final thoughts
While genetics can play a significant role in increasing cancer risk, it’s essential to remember that not all individuals with inherited mutations will develop cancer and not all cancers are hereditary. Lifestyle factors, environmental exposures and other non-genetic factors also contribute to cancer development. As the best medical oncologist in Kolkata, Dr Joydeep Ghosh emphasises the importance of understanding genetic and non-genetic factors in assessing cancer risk and developing personalised prevention and treatment strategies.